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Creating and managing keys is an important part of the cryptographic process. Symmetric algorithms require the creation of a key and an initialization vector (IV). The key must be kept secret from anyone who should not decrypt your data. The IV does not have to be secret, but should be changed for each session. Asymmetric algorithms require the creation of a public key and a private key. The public key can be made public to anyone, while the private key must known only by the party who will decrypt the data encrypted with the public key. This section describes how to generate and manage keys for both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.

Symmetric Keys

Here's how you can generate SSH public/private keys on Windows. This will encrypt your key. It’s a good idea to do this if you share your computer with someone else. If you intend to carry the key on a USB stick, definitely use a password here. If you use a strong passphrase and someone steals the key from your USB device, they won’t be.

  • RandomKeygen is a free mobile-friendly tool that offers randomly generated keys and passwords you can use to secure any application, service or device. KEY RandomKeygen - The Secure Password & Keygen Generator.
  • Usage Guide - RSA Encryption and Decryption Online. In the first section of this tool, you can generate public or private keys. To do so, select the RSA key size among 515, 1024, 2048.

The symmetric encryption classes supplied by the .NET Framework require a key and a new initialization vector (IV) to encrypt and decrypt data. Whenever you create a new instance of one of the managed symmetric cryptographic classes using the parameterless constructor, a new key and IV are automatically created. Anyone that you allow to decrypt your data must possess the same key and IV and use the same algorithm. Generally, a new key and IV should be created for every session, and neither the key nor IV should be stored for use in a later session.

To communicate a symmetric key and IV to a remote party, you would usually encrypt the symmetric key by using asymmetric encryption. Sending the key across an insecure network without encrypting it is unsafe, because anyone who intercepts the key and IV can then decrypt your data. For more information about exchanging data by using encryption, see Creating a Cryptographic Scheme.

WEP Key Generator. To generate a random WEP key, select the bit key length to generate and press the corresponding button; the ASCII or HEX key can then be copied to your clipboard manually or via the copy to clipboard button to the right of the generated key text field. You can also generate a custom WEP key based on your own pass phrase or other input. D link wep key generator

The following example shows the creation of a new instance of the TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider class that implements the TripleDES algorithm.

When the previous code is executed, a new key and IV are generated and placed in the Key and IV properties, respectively.

Sometimes you might need to generate multiple keys. In this situation, you can create a new instance of a class that implements a symmetric algorithm and then create a new key and IV by calling the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods. The following code example illustrates how to create new keys and IVs after a new instance of the symmetric cryptographic class has been made.

When the previous code is executed, a key and IV are generated when the new instance of TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider is made. Another key and IV are created when the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods are called.

Asymmetric Keys

The .NET Framework provides the RSACryptoServiceProvider and DSACryptoServiceProvider classes for asymmetric encryption. These classes create a public/private key pair when you use the parameterless constructor to create a new instance. Asymmetric keys can be either stored for use in multiple sessions or generated for one session only. While the public key can be made generally available, the private key should be closely guarded.

A public/private key pair is generated whenever a new instance of an asymmetric algorithm class is created. After a new instance of the class is created, the key information can be extracted using one of two methods:

  • The ToXmlString method, which returns an XML representation of the key information.

  • The ExportParameters method, which returns an RSAParameters structure that holds the key information.

Both methods accept a Boolean value that indicates whether to return only the public key information or to return both the public-key and the private-key information. An RSACryptoServiceProvider class can be initialized to the value of an RSAParameters structure by using the ImportParameters method.

Asymmetric private keys should never be stored verbatim or in plain text on the local computer. If you need to store a private key, you should use a key container. For more on how to store a private key in a key container, see How to: Store Asymmetric Keys in a Key Container.

The following code example creates a new instance of the RSACryptoServiceProvider class, creating a public/private key pair, and saves the public key information to an RSAParameters structure.

See also

PKI

  • PKI is based upon two keys (public and private)
  • Data can be securely encrypted using either the public or private keys
  • Data can only be decrypted when using the opposite key to that which encrypted the data
  • Use a Key Generator (e.g. ssh-keygen) to create your public/private keys
  • These keys are typically stored in ~/.ssh/

    • id_rsa (private key; do not share! typically used to decrypt data)

    • id_rsa.pub (public key; typically used to encrypt data)

      Note: any data encrypted with a private key can be decrypted using the public key (and vice versa)

      • A public key can be generated from a private key (not the other way around)

SSL

  • Data sent back and forth inside the browser can be encrypted using the Secure-Socket Layer (SSL) protocol
  • SSL uses public-key cryptography (PKI)

SSH Authentication with PKI

  • The public key should be added to .ssh/authorized_keys on all computers where the user wishes to log in
    • The remote computer encrypts data with your public key
    • Your private key decrypts the data when logging in (thus proving your identity)

RSA

  • This is the cryptography system

Registration Authority (RA)

  • RAs are companies in the business of allowing the public to trust an organisation's encryption keys
  • If a website want's their encrypted website to be trusted, then they'll go to the RA (see 'Banking' example below)

Root Certificate Authority (CA)

  • CA is nothing more than another public/private key pair (created by an RA)
  • The RA’s private key is (as you can imagine) private
  • The RA’s public key is available to everyone
    • All computers sold, have a copy of these public root certificates
  • The RA’s private key is used to sign (encrypt) an organisation’s public key
  • A users web browser should be able to use the RA’s public key (CA cert) to decrypt an organisations public key when visiting that website
    • Thus proving the organisation's key can be trusted (and hasn't been tampered with -> see 'Banking' example below)

Self-signed certificate

  • There is a hierarchy of CA certificates, the highest ranking CA's certificate can't be verified by anyone (as they're the top of the chain) and so it must be 'self-signed' (these are also referred to as 'root certificates')
  • You may wish to test your new SSL implementation while the CA is signing your certificate, and so 'self-signing' is a temporary measure for testing your web service
  • [Update by @sthulb] Self signed certs are common in enterprises, for example it could be perceived that a company can trust a self signed cert more than a publicly signed cert since they can guarantee the entire CA chain

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Example: Email Signing

  • Alice uses Bob’s public key to send him a message
  • Bob’s public key is public, so how does he know Alice really sent the message?
  • RSA can be used to “sign a message”
  • Alice can prove who she is by sending Bob a signed message
  • Alice encrypts the message (using her private key), thus producing a hash
  • This hash is attached to the email as a “signature”
  • Bob uses the same hashing algorithm (using Alice’s public key) to encrypt the original (unencrypted) message, thus producing a hash
  • If the hash Bob creates matches the hash sent along with the message then we know Alice really sent the email (i.e. the sender was in possesion of Alice’s private key)

Example: Banking Website

  • A bank wishes to encrypt their website that you use to manage your account
  • The bank wants to use a 3rd party to verify the authenticity of their private/public keypair
    • Without this the user will see a “untrusted” warning in their web browser
  • The bank sends their public key to an RA
  • The bank pays the RA to sign (i.e. encrypt) their public key, using the RAs private key
  • Your web browser visits the banks website and is given the banks encrypted public key
  • Your web browser looks up the CA (which is installed on your computer) and decrypts the banks public key
  • Your web browser can now use the bank’s (now decrypted) public key to encrypt any data you send to it
  • The bank is the only person who has their private key and so are the only people able to decrypt your web browser’s message
    • And vice versa, the bank can now send messages encrypted using their private key, as your web browser has the (decrypted) public key allowing you to decrypt any further encrypted messages from the bank

File Formats

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Note: the list below has been partially copied/modified from an answer here: http://serverfault.com/a/9717 as well as other sources

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  • .pem is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key, and root certificates. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Email, a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on, and is a base64 translation of the x509 ASN.1 keys (i.e. X.509 certificate).
  • .key is a PEM formatted file containing just the private-key of a specific certificate and is merely a conventional name and not a standardized one. In Apache installs, this frequently resides in /etc/ssl/private. The rights on these files are very important, and some programs will refuse to load these certificates if they are set wrong.
  • .p12 (also .pkcs12 and .pfx) is a password protected container format that contains both public and private certificate pairs. Unlike .pem files, this container is fully encrypted. OpenSSL can turn this into a .pem file with both public and private keys: openssl pkcs12 -in file-to-convert.p12 -out converted-file.pem -nodes
  • .cert (also .cer and .crt) is a .pem formatted file with a different extension, one that is recognized by Windows Explorer as a certificate, which .pem is not.
  • cacert.pem is a collection of trusted root certification authorities